R 1 What is the information available for the study of urbanism in Roman and Byzantine Egypt?

Tables “Places and structures”, “Artefacts” and “Texts.”

This is what scholars of the technical disciplines known as archaeology, epigraphy, papyrology, numismatics, manuscript studies will be interested in. How does my papyrus “speak” to other kind of information?

R 2-1 What made a city of Roman and Byzantine Egypt a city? Was it civic organization? Or economic dominance over the countryside? Or religious and cultural centrality?

R 2-2 How did they distinguish themselves from each other? How did ancient cities express their individuality, whatever contributes to make a city unique in the eyes of its own inhabitants and external visitors (see examples)?

Tables “Places and Structures”, “Artefacts” and “Texts.

This is the “so what” question--how does Greco-Roman and late antique Egypt, which generally neglected in this respect, tell us something about urbanism in general?

“Individual” features include:

• religious cults and deities, i.e. Herishef/Herakles at Heracleopolis Magna

• cultural habits, such as language (e.g. the use of Latin at Antinoopolis in the late antique period, because it became the capital of the Thebaid, one of Egypt’s new administrative divisions), or dress

• economic products: Antinoopolis for famous for the production of certain types of ceramics

• urbanistic: iconic buildings, e.g. a theater, or hippodrome

R 3 How does the evidence from Egypt illustrate an “urban apogee” under the Roman Empire (i.e. high rate of urbanization and spectacular urban development relative to other “pre-modern” civilizations)?

“Persons” and “Places and Structures”

This question be of interest to historians, especially Roman and urban historians.

R 4 How did urban space shape human interaction? How did human interaction shape urban space?

“Persons” and “Places and Structures”

Cf. what Fernand Braudel says of cities in the early modern Mediterranean: they were “electrifiers”

Specific types of infrastructure (material) or institutions (immaterial) and the type of activity they host:

• River harbor and its economic activity (boat building, trade, shipments of grain to Alexandria)

• Schools and the knowledge/study/social bonds they generate (e.g. school of veterinary medicine at Antinoopolis, attested in papyri)

• Temples and necropoleis, which were used not only for worshsip

F1

• Questions about the evidence itself:

  • F1-1 Preservation patterns of the evidence: where do papyri that attest to people and places in a city come from (besides the city itself)? 

  • F1-2 Chronological distribution of textual documentation over time: what are the gaps? Which moments are well-documented and why? how is it different from the documentation for other cities in Roman and Byzantine Egypt?

  • F1- 3 Distribution of archaeological evidence over time: same questions as in foregoing point

Property “Provenance” in Texts

Link/Relation “Chronological Phase” in Artefacts

Cf. materials of the Basel workshop on (climate) data and ancient history.

F2

• Questions about urban development:

  • F2-1 According to which principles did Roman power build a new city in Egypt and how? What was the inspiration, or the model, for a new city?

  • F2-2 What were the phases of urban development? Do archaeological and textual materials concur or contradict each other?

  • F2-3 What difference did it make to be in an urban space in terms of human experience (what people saw, heard, smelt etc.)?

All categories of buildings in “Places and Structures”

The information on urban development is so scattered and fragmented that it is impossible to reconstruct the urban landscape as a whole.

F3

• Questions about the environment, economy, living conditions:

  • F3-1 How did the city transform its environment? How much was “nature” still part of the urban environment?

  • F3-2 How large was the population of the city? What can be said about demographic growth?

  • F3-3 Which commodities were produced, consumed, exchanged in the city?

  • F3-4 With which other places was the city connected? Did it function as an economic hub?

“Infrastructure” “Places of Exchange” and “Production Facilities” in Places and Structures

Property “Occupation” in Persons

Property “Category” (with economic relevance) in Objects

Ancient historians have long maintained that the “ancient city” was a consumer center: the information gathered and analyzed here will confirm or change this communis opinio.

F4

• Questions about urban society:

  • F4-1 Who moved in and out of the city? from where?

  • F4-2 What are the relevant criteria to describe urban society? Age groups, status (free, unfree, other), wealth, species (humans and non-humans)?

  • F4-3 How unequal were urban societies? Was social mobility possible?

In general: People (all categories, including non-humans)

In particular: Properties, such as Age, Physical Description, Ownership/Possessions, Status Designation/Occupation

The goal here is to move beyond the “upper middle class” known in papyri and to uncover other segments of urban society.

F5

• Questions about imperial administration and city government:

• F 5-1 How did the imperial administration interact with the city? Was it a relation of tight control or negotiated exchange?

• F5-2 What were the organs of urban governance? Who was holding these positions?

• F5-3 What were the rights and privileges, and possibly duties, attached to citizenship?

• F5-4 : How did administrative reforms (especially those by Diocletian) affect the city and her territory?

Property “Function” in Persons

Property “Status Designation” in Persons

“Administrative Districts of Egypt” and “Government Buildings” in Places and Structures

The main question in this chapter is the difference between Antinoopolis as “new city” and the other cities of Roman Egypt (the “metropoleis”) as well as the impact of Diocletian’s reform on the city and its administration.

F6

• Questions about religious identity and cults

  • F6-1 Which deities were worshipped at Antinoopolis?

  • F6-2 How was religion practiced in an urban context?

  • F6-3 How did Christianity spread in a city?

Property “Religious Affiliation” in People

“Sacred/religious landscape” in Places and Structures

Property “Typology” in Objects

Two big “dossiers” are cult practice around the figure of Antinoos (and other gods) and the disruption of this religious system by Christianity.

F7

• Questions about urban culture and creativity

  • F7-1 What is the profile of the literary manuscripts found at Antinoopolis?

  • F7-2 Which poetic and prose compositions were performed at the games in honor of Antinoos?

  • F7-3 Who were the intellectuals, artists etc (“the creative class”) in Antinoopolis?

  • F7-4 Where did people go to school? What did they learn?

People

Property “Typology” of Objects (Writing Tools)

Category “Literary Manuscripts” in Objects

Alexandria is often seen as the beacon of culture in classical antiquity but Antinoopolis was also a center for cultural, artistic, and scholarly production--a kind of “second Alexandria.”

Distribution of archaeological evidence over the time:

• why does the settlement pattern change?

• what are the elements of stability?

• how do the functions of the city areas change over time?

 Tables “Places and structures”, “Artefacts” and “Texts” with attention to the chronological phases

 Thematic plans (diachronic analysis of all data)

Based on archaeological and textual data, what are the various phases of the city's urban development?

• How did the presence of the ancient settlement influence the reorganisation of settlements in Roman times?

• Comparison of the settlement pattern and cityscape with other Egyptian cities

• Comparison of the settlement pattern and cityscape with other cities founded or refounded by Emperor Hadrian (Antinoopolis)

• Statistical analysis on Urban Landscape

“Places and structures”, “Artefacts” and “Texts” + Chronology-Phases

Reconstruction (when possible) of the contexts  in which the documentary material was found. 

• depositional and post-depositional processes (artefacts)

• abandonment and post abandonment processes (settlement)

“Artefacts” and “Texts” Tabs: Historical Archaeological Report/ Assemblages/ Contexts / Accounts of Travelers and Explorers

L1

• How is the (development of the) physical layout of Roman Heracleopolis reflected in the textual and archaeological sources?

  • L1-1 Which structures mentioned in the papyri are identifiable ‘on the ground’?

  • L1-2 Was the political municipalization of Roman Heracleopolis accompanied by a transformation of its public built landscape?

“Monuments” in Places & Structures

L2

• How was the political career of a municipal dignitary of Heracleopolis typically structured?

  • L2-1 Which offices did he hold and in which order? Is a similar pattern observable in other Egyptian cities or not?

Property “Function” in People

L3

• What was the economic situation of the local political elite?

  • L3-1 In what parts of the Heracleopolite nome did they own land?

Property “Possessions” in People of civic officials (Property “Function” in People)

L4

• Which places, both inside and outside the Heracleopolite nome, was Heracleopolis connected to?

  • L4-1 From which parts of the Heracleopolite nome did villagers travel to Heracleopolis to take up loans?

Categories “Visitors” and “Outsiders connected to the city” in People

L5

• In how far does the local onomastic pattern of Heracleopolis reflect local identity?

  • L5-1 How popular were ‘Heraclean’ names in Heracleopolis? In which segments of the population were they in use? When did they fall out of use?

Property “Name” in People/Date of their attestation(s)

Onomastic analysis performed in TM People

L6

• How quickly and among which parts of the population did Christianity spread?

  • L6-1 In how far does the local papyrological record reflect an onomastic ‘Christianization’?

  • L6-2 What do martyrdom accounts tell us about the spread of Christianity in early fourth-century Heracleopolis?

  • L6-3 What does material culture tell us about the rise of Christianity in Heracleopolis?

In general: Property “Religious affiliation” in People

For onomastics: Property “Name” in People

For martyrs: “Christian-Religious Materials” in Texts

For material culture: “Sacred/Religious Landscape” in Places & Structures

Checkbox ‘Christian’ in TM People

• Which literary traditions may contain useful information about the two Egyptian cities Antinoopolis and Heracleopolis?

• What kind information has been incorporated into later traditions?

• How and why? 

• What information can be derived from them?

• What general contribution can a systematic analysis of this material make?

• How reliable is it? To what extent?

• Is it possible to determine its reliability through a scientific method?

• Could a “reliability index” of each source be developed?

• Is such information confirmed by any other typology of sources?

• To what extent?

• collect as many mentions as possible of the cities

Main tools/databases:

• Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL)

• Thesaurus Linguae Grecae (TLG)

• Patrologia Latina (PL)

• Patrologia Graeca (PG)

• Patrologia Orientalis (PO)

• Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina (BHL)

• Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG)

• Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis (BHO)

• Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity (CSLA)

• Synaxarium Alexandrinum

• Calderini’s Dizionario Geografico

• Timm’s Sammlung

People of Heracleopolis Magna and Antinoopolis

crm:E21 Person

• Name, Designation of Origin [existing list of identified places], Function, Religious Affiliation, etc. (Imported from Trismegistos People)

• mentioned in TEXT

• connected to PLACE

• Ophellios alias Nemesion (TM Per 119554), mentioned in several texts

• Anoubion (TM Per 187056), who was a banker at Antinoopolis

People who are connected to Ant. or Her. either as citizens, inhabitants, visitors, or otherwise

Non-humans, animals

• Species

• connected to place

• owned by PERSON

• Cattle in P. Meyer 20 l. 6-7 “his cattle is at your place in Antinoopolis” https://archive.org/details/griechischetexte00meyeuoft/page/84/mode/2up

“Animals in the City” is an interesting and trendy topic in current scholarship

Not in TM

1) Citizens of Heracleopolis and Antinoopolis

• Imported from TM People

  • Designation of Origin = “Antinoite”/”from Heracleopolis”

  • Function=magistracy or liturgy

• mentioned in TEXT

• connected to PLACE

• Semtheus, a Heracleopolitan (TM Ref 249425/Per 138223)

• Civic officials (e.g. Herakleides [TM PER 266620], “highpriest of the temple of Hadrian of Heracleopolis”) and councilors (e.g. Anoubion [TM PER 370544], “city councilor of Heracleopolis”

• Hermodoros, son of Eutychides (TM Per 268787), a councilor taking part in the debates some time after 161 CE

“Citizens” (metropolitai) of Heracleopolis = people who say they are “from Heracleopolis” (ἀφʼ Ἡρακλέους πόλεως); Citizens of Antinoopolis = “Antinoites” (cf. e.g. Λούκιος Λογγῖνος Γέμελλος Ἀντινοεὺς [TM REF 400088/PER 305737])

Field “Ethnic” in TM PER

F5-3 (property-”designation of origin,” i.e. citizenship status)

F5-2 (property “function”)

F7-3 (artists, intellectuals, philosophers from the city)

L2-1 (“function”)

L3-1 (“possessions”)

L5-1 (“name”/”date”)

L6-1 (“name”/”date”)

2) Inhabitants

• Residents of Heracleopolis coming from other places

• New settlers coming to Antinoopolis from other places

crm:E21 Person

• Imported from TM People

  • Residence = Antinoopolis/Heracleopolis

  • Designation of Origin ≠ Antinoopolis/Heracleopolis

  • “Personal information” in TM People: age, wealth, status, etc.

• mentioned in TEXT

• connected to PLACE (Her./Ant. and the place of origin)

• Aurelios Iustos, an Arsinoite dwelling in Heracleopolis (TM Ref 627669/Per 469837)

• Demetrios (TM Per 254722), who came as one of the citizens of Ptolemais who were drawn by lots to come to Antinoopolis

The equivalent of a metic or legal alien, κατοικων in the sources

Field “Residence” in TM PER

• F4-2 (“personal information” properties)

• F4-3 (ownership/property/wealth in “personal information” properties)

• F6-3 How did Christianity spread in a city? (onomastics, religious affiliation)

2a) People buried in or around the city

• Imported from TM People

• connected to PLACE

• attested to in ARTEFACS

• Mummies or mummy portraits

  Open

  

  Louvre AF 6884, Mummy portrait found by Albert Gayet

People buried in or around a city can be assumed to have been inhabitants (in a broad sense) of that city; mostly attested at Antinoopolis, where archaeologists have explored the necropoleis.

In most cases it is not possible to establish the context (precise location + object assemblage) but only the finding area.

Not entirely in TM (only people attested by name)

• F6-3 How did Christianity spread in a city?

3) Visitors (of Ant. or Her.)

Imported from TM People

• mentioned in TEXT

• connected to PLACE

• Aspheus, a Heracleopolite villager coming to Heracleopolis to take up a loan (TM Ref 425413/Per 261216)

• Athletes who won at the games in Antinoopolis, e.g.

• Theodoros (TM Per 135186), the Corrector who is said to have stayed at the Praetorium in 258 CE

People who are temporarily present in Ant. or Her. (to do business, to pay a visit to a friend, to participate in a festival, etc.)

Field “Visited” in TM REF

• F4-1 (people moving in and out of the city)

• L4-1 (villagers taking up loans in Heracleopolis)

4) Outsiders connected to the city (but not visitors)

• Imported from TM People

  • Residence

  • Political rank (Imperial, provincial)

• mentioned in TEXT

• connected to PLACE

• emperor himself writing to the city, e.g. Gordian III

• bishop of Jerusalem Alexander writing to the “Antinoitae” (Eusebius of Caesarea, HE 6.11.3-4)

People who are not present in the city but in touch with it, e.g. by writing a letter to the council

“Cities” in Roman and Byzantine Egypt:

these are the macro-entities we want to compare ultimately.

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

https://kleiolab.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/PWP/pages/3416457229

• Ancient Names

• Modern Names

https://ontome.net/class/365/namespace/3

• geo-coordinates

• Administrative belonging of the city with time-span and type (F5-4 ; …)

• Pleaides: https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/756518

• TM Geo ID: https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2774 (subscription required)

Antinoopolis

Heracleopolis Magna

ALSO Pelusium, Oxyrhynchus, Hermoupolis Magna, Memphis

Open

Map of Roman Egypt showing those sites

Here we mean the “cities” we are studying in the project as well as other cities from Roman and Byzantine Egypt that could be used as comparanda.

[

Non-Urban Settlements:

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• type of settlement

• brief description

• Pleaides:

• TM Geo ID: https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2774 (subscription required)

• Type of relation with the 2 cities

• mentioned in TEXT

• People attested?

Villages of the Herakleopolite

Villages of the Antinoite, e.g. village of Pesla Anô ( )

Other Egyptian villages, e.g. Karanis where M. Anthestius Gemellus, a citizen of Antinoopolis, was based according to P. Mich. 12 629 ( ):

“To Lucceius Ofellianus, his excellency the epistrategos, from Marcus Anthestius Gemellus, of the Nervian tribe and the Propatorian deme, belonging to those who are designated as being outside the dole. Having come here, my lord, for the harvest of the crops, in order to settle the public account, but up to now having not yet accomplished anything, I ask, if it seems good to you, to allow me, after . . . to remain abroad for another thirty days as well, in order that I may be benefited. Farewell. [- - -]”

L3-1 (landownership in the nome)

Administrative Districts of Egypt

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• Name

• Rank (nome, province, other)

• Estimated Size and other quantitative data found in modern scholarship and discussed in

• Was created by PUBLIC AUTHORITY: crm:E74 Group

• Was governed by OFFICIAL: person or legal quality of an actor

• Was comprised of PLACES (cities and non-urban settlements)

Herakleopolite nome, Antinoite nome, province of the Thebaid; nomes are listed and coded by Trismegistos as follows:

This is important to understand the effect of administrative reforms on cities.

F5-4

Urban Neighborhoods

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• Name

• Estimated Size

• Relations

• Features/description

• Was comprised of PLACES

• neighbourhood where a person was registered or was living

  • areas as Geogr. Places

  • buildings as Constructions

• mentioned in TEXT

Numbered Neighborhoods in Antinoopolis, e.g. in the Gamma neighborhood (=3) Sapsis, a freedwoman, rented a house and workshops from Dideis, according to P. Worp 20

Amphoda in Heracleopolis Magna

Archaeologically, one can only attempt to understand what they were or in what part of the city. They are not recognizable from the field.

• F2-2 (phases of urban development)

Monuments

sdh:C17 Construction

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• was commissioned by PERSON

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• carried INSCRIPTION or TEXT

• Artefacts linked

• mentioned in TEXTS

• relation with other Places

The tetrastylon

The Column of Alexander Severus:

• F2-1 (question of the urbanistic principles and urban layout of the city)

• F2-2 (phases of urban development)

• L1-1 (structures mentioned in the papyri identifiable ‘on the ground’)

• L 1-2 (transformation of public built landscape)

Government building

sdh:C17 Construction

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• phases

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• Artefacts linked

• mentioned in TEXTS

• relation with other Places

Headquarters buildings, e.g. a Praetorium is attested in a Strasbourg papyrus (SB 18 13174) and archaeologically according to Peter Grossmann:

Buildings for which their 'governmental' function can be defined with certainty

• F5-2 (organs of urban governance)

Sacred/Religious Landscape

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• hierarchy/level/function (ex. basilica for churches, )

• phases

• was dedicated to RELIGIOUS FIGURE (saint, god etc)

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

• dedicatory inscriptions

• mentioned in TEXTS

• Artefacts linked

• relation with other Places

Churches, Monasteries, Temples, Chapels

Places/areas of worship

• F2-1 (question of the urbanistic principles and urban layout of the city)

• F2-2 (phases of urban development)

• F6-2 (practice of religion in an urban context)

• L1-1 (structures mentioned in the papyri identifiable ‘on the ground’)

• L6-3 (Christian building complexes, e.g. churches)

Funerary Landscape

sdh:C13 Geographical Place (if intended as site)

or

sdh:C17 Construction (if just one tomb)

• geo-coordinates

• brief description

• typology of tombs

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• phases

• Tomb location for PERSON

• relation with other Places

• relation with other tombs

• mentioned in TEXTS?

• Artefacts linked

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

Necropolis, Tombs, Chapels/Mausolea

Set of tombs (necropolis) or individual graves

+ associated structures (chapels/mausolea)

• F2-1 (question of the urbanistic principles and urban layout of the city)

• F2-2 (phases of urban development)

• L6-3 (Christian tombs)

Domestic buildings

sdh:C17 Construction

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• phases

• relation with other Places

• Artefacts linked

• mentioned in TEXTS

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

Houses

Attestations both in the archaeological record and in texts (wills, sale contracts, census returns)

Archaeologically, in neither settlement have the residential structures been fully documented (we do not have the entire floor plan)

• F2-1 (question of the urbanistic principles and urban layout of the city)

• F2-2 (phases of urban development)

Production Facilities

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• type of production

• Produced Type of Object

• Artefacts linked

• mentioned in TEXTS

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

• relation with other Places

Storages

Kilns for the production of pottery

Open

Atelier for the production of terracotta figurines

Area of scoriae

• F3-3 (production of commodities)

Places of Exchange

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• brief description

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• Artefacts linked

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

• relation with other Places

The harbor is mostly attested in papyri, e.g. in P. Oxy. 43 3111 ( )

The agora (=marketplace) is attested in Byzantine times only.

• F3-3 (exchange of commodities)

Road Network and

Transportation Infrastructure

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• Rank (main, secondary)

• inside/outside network

• brief description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• Connected PLACE with PLACE

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

• Artefacts linked

• texts linked

• relation with other Places

Streets

Bridges

Via Hadriana

Other

• F3-3 (exchange of commodities)

Natural Resources

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• relation with other Places

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES

Water Resources (wells, river, wadi)

Quarries

Agricultural Land

• F3-1 (transformation of nature by the city)

Entertainment Facilities

sdh:C13 Geographical Place (if intended as site)

or

sdh:C17 Construction (if just one building)

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• phases

• was commissioned by PERSON

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• carried INSCRIPTION or TEXT

• Artefacts linked

• texts linked

• relation with other Places

Hippodrome

Gymnasium

Theater

• L 1-2 (transformation of its public built landscape)

Baths

sdh:C17 Construction

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• decorative elements

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• phases

• function (public/private)

• was commissioned by PERSON

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• carried INSCRIPTION or TEXT

• Artefacts linked

• texts linked

• relation with other Places

Baths are mentioned in a papyrus from the Strasbourg papyrus collection (SB 18 13174) and in Jomard’s description de l’Egypte.

• L 1-2 (transformation of public built landscape)

Infrastructure

sdh:C13 Geographical Place

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• building techniques

• plan

• material

• phases

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• Artefacts linked

• texts linked

• relation with other Places

Water Supply (aqueduct): for Heracleopolis only, following Josep Padro

Embankments, article by Spanu (same as on bridges)

Structures

• geo-coordinates

• brief architectural description

• event of construction→ see below

• event of renovation → see below

• decorative elements → see below

• building techniques→ see below

• materials used→ see below

• function → see below

Decorative elements

• brief description

• painted decoration (plaster)

• architectural decoration

• opus sectile

• Gypsum

• others

• comparisons

• attested in all building/monuments (Monuments, Government building, Churches, Monasteries, Temples, Chapels (Religious Landscape), Tombs, Chapels/Mausolea (Funerary Landscape), domestic building, street, Entertainment Facilities, Baths etc.)

• described in Accounts of Travelers and Explorers and written texts

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

Capitals, decorative motifs, painted plaster, gypsum decorations, etc.

Ex.: Church Eastern Gate Antinoupolis

Decorative elements

pillar resting on bases with Attic profile and surmounted by Corinthian capitals, opus sectile

examples:

• corinthian capitals

• corinthian capitals with egyptian elements

• opus sectile

• paintings

• etc. (not a closed list)

Furthermore

building technique: regular square blocks and mud bricks at english bond? → see below

spolia: yes (reuse of architectural elements from previous buildings)→ see below

Plan: Traditional basilica plan characterised by a large central nave, two lateral aisles, and the sanctuary with semicircular apse (internal) and lateral pastophoria.→ see below

Material: yellow limestone, mudbricks, marble slabs. incl. opus mixtum. yes (stones+mudbricks)→ see below

Phases → see below

I phase: public monuments, maybe a propylaeum in red granite, imperial period

II Phase: triumphal arch , end of 3rd (Marcus Aurelius Carus inscription)

? Phase: large peristyle preceding the entrance (only partially investigated), make reasonable to interpret this space as a reception hall possibly belonging to an episcopal palace (episcopium) (Grossmann 2012, 77-82, pls. 2a-b, 3, 4a-b, 5a).

III phase: Church, first third of the V century (changing of function)

Building techniques

• brief description

• masonry texture

• opus mixtum

• spolia

• undefined

• attested in all building/monuments (Monuments, Government building, Churches, Monasteries, Temples, Chapels (Religious Landscape), Tombs, Chapels/Mausolea (Funerary Landscape), domestic building, street, Entertainment Facilities, Baths etc.)

• described in Accounts of Travelers and Explorers

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

Ex.: House K in Heracleopolis

spolia: yes

Mansory texture: English bond

→ 9

total; 23 to be selected

• F2-2 (phases of urban development)

Plan

Characterization / classification / description of the construction

• brief description

• type of plan

• undefined

• attested in all building/monuments (Monuments, Government building, Churches, Monasteries, Temples, Chapels (Religious Landscape), Tombs, Chapels/Mausolea (Funerary Landscape), domestic building, street, Entertainment Facilities, Baths etc.)

• described in Accounts of Travelers and Explorers

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

Material

• Stone (types of stones e.g. limestones, marble etc.)

• Mudbrick

• Brick

• other

• attested in all building/monuments (Monuments, Government building, Churches, Monasteries, Temples, Chapels (Religious Landscape), Tombs, Chapels/Mausolea (Funerary Landscape), domestic building, street, Entertainment Facilities, Baths etc.)

• described in Accounts of Travelers and Explorers

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

material type   

• stone

• mud bricks

• bricks

• opus mixtum

Ex.: House K Heracleopolis

Mudbrick

Baths (Antinoupolis)

mudbrick+bricks+ stone (decorative elements)

Quantity of materials used

2 tons of marble

Phases

(of the evolution of the building)

• building transformation in chronological phases

• numbering of phases of a single monument/building

• building history (construction, use, reuse/change of function, destruction/damaging, abandonment, post-abandonment)

• Monuments/buildings linked

• described in Accounts of Travelers and Explorers and in Archaeological report

• existed in CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

maybe not needed if

• constrcution and

• renovation events exist as well as

• functions over time

Function/usage of a structure/building

• Type of usage (domestic, religious, public, semi-public)

• Time span

Ex.: Structure of “Church Eastern Gate Antinoupolis”

• religious function

• funerary function

• domestic function

• public

• semi-public

→ can have serval functions at once (eg religous and public)

event of construction

• who constructed it (individuals/group)

• who comissioned it (individuals/group)

• materials used in construction

  • generically (marble etc.)

  • quantities (10 tons of marble)

examples:

renovation/reparation

• who participated in it (individuals/group)

• who comissioned it (individuals/group)

• materials used in renovation

examples:

Quantity of materials used

examples:

Objects

crm:E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Category

Typology

Material

Provenance (for imported objects)

details of interest

• Place/structure attestation

• CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• carried INSCRIPTION or TEXT

• Contexts

• Assemblages

Written Objects

Writing Tools

Vessels in ceramic, glasses, faience

Statues/statuettes

Terracotta figurines

Metal objects

Architectural elements (style)

Textiles

Jewelry

Tools

Lamps

Furniture

Coins

each category of objects consists of different types (archaeological nomenclature)

Ex. statuette of Isis-Renenoutet

Category: Terracotta Figurines

Typology: Deity

Material: ceramic

Provenance: Local

details: shape, production features, function, modern place (museum/collection) etc..

• F3-3 (Which commodities were produced, consumed, exchanged in the city?)

• F1-3 (chronological distribution of the evidence over time)

• F7-1 (literary manuscripts found at Antinoopolis during excavation or otherwise known to come from this site)

• L6-3 (Christian material culture, e.g. pottery decorated with crosses)

Contexts

Brief description

Category

Typology

Material

• Place/structure attestation

• CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• constituent objects

• Texts

Ex. House K (Heracleopolis) “The Ironmonger house”

Coins (from Trajan to Antoninus)
Terracotta figurines (Harpocrates, Aphrodite, Ceres, an acrobat stricling, figure of girls)
Red-black Pottery
Iron tools (sit klcs, hoes, pruning hook, sword, flesh etc.)
Faience beds

Archeological layers (abandonment, post abandonment, destruction, life phases). In the case of House K the objects are linked to the last use of the structure followed by a phase/level of destruction and fire

When places and structures are excavated using stratigraphic methodology (modern archaeology)

In archaeology, a context is all the information associated to an archaeological element including the provenience (where it is), the environment in which it was found, and association (the relationships among other artifacts/ecofacts/structures/features = assemblages). All aspects of the context are essential when analyzing archaeological materials as they provide us with additional information that complement analysis and interpretation.

Assemblages

Type of objects

Material

• Place/structure attestation

• CHRONOLOGICAL PHASE

• constituent objects

• Texts

Set of several objects.

Ex: burial equipment from Gayet Excavation = pottery, coins, terracotta figurines, textiles, mummies, portraits etc.)

When places and structures are excavated without contextual information

Accounts of Travelers and Explorers

• Date

• Author

• Language

• describes PLACES/STRUCTURES

• Description de l'Égypte

NB It would be great to integrate the relevant passages in original language and translation into the database.

Papyrus Texts

• Date

• Provenance (site/city but also the place where it was found)

• Contents

• language

• documentary type (following the taxonomy of the Geneva-based Grammateus project: )

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

• Artefacts linked

• Correspondence between emperors, prefects/governors, and the city

There are many types of documentary papyri. Items collected in one series of papyri belonging to the same “type” constitute a dossier that illustrate an aspect of city life.

For instance, sale contracts are relevant to economic activity; proceedings of meetings before the governor bear witness to judicial life; private family letters have a great deal to say about family structures in the city, and so on.

NB Texts and translations will be accessible through LOD (www.papyri.info).

• F 5-1 (Documentary type: correspondence between emperors and the city)

• F1-1 (provenance)

• F1-2 ( distribution of the evidence over time)

• F3-3 (all sale contracts or commercial transactions)

• F7-4 (school texts)

Epigraphic Material

• Date

• Provenance (site/city but also the place where it was found)

• Material

• language

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

• Artefacts linked

• SEG XXXII 1066 (Late Antique grave inscription from Rome mentioning Heracleopolis)

• Verse inscription containing the epitaph of an Ethiopian slave, now in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin.

Christian-Religious Materials

• Author

• work (+edition and citation)

• language

• genre

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

• Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (=calendar with information on the lives of saints and martyrs) http://clt.brepolis.net/pod/pages/VolumeBrowser.aspx?t=1bb51453-4fbf-45ec-9a14-475af0e3b85b&c=11173 (subscription needed)

• Ethiopic Synaxarion (=calendar with information on the lives of saints and martyrs), http://clt.brepolis.net/pod/pages/VolumeBrowser.aspx?t=9699d55c-6809-4a6a-8cae-f75f2f236180&c=51641 (subscription needed)

• Armenian Synaxarion.

• Homilies (=sermons/speech/letters of Church fathers/priests/…), e.g. John Chrysostomus

NB It would be great to integrate the relevant passages in original language and translation into the database.

F6-1 (gods worshipped)

L6-2 (martyrs remembered on their feast days)

Christian-Historical Materials

• Author

• work (+edition and citation)

• language

• genre

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

• Council lists

• Biographies:

  • Zachariah Scholasticus, Life of Severus, patriarch of Antioch, PO 6 t. 2 f. 1 p.78

  • History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria by Severus ibn al-Muqaffa

• Chronography (=chronica):

  • Chronicon Pascale

  • John Malalas

  • John of Nikiou

• Ecclesiastical History

  • Eusebius of Caesarea, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.8.2 , mentions foundation of the city

NB It would be great to integrate the relevant passages in original language and translation into the database.

• F6-3 How did Christianity spread in a city?

• L6-2 (martyrdom accounts)

Classical and Late Antique-Scholarship

• Author

• work (+edition and citation)

• language

• genre

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

• Historiography:

  • Historia Augusta

  • Ammianus Marcellinus

  • Procopius

• Geography:

  • Tabula Peutinger

  • Strabo

  • Claudius Ptolemy

• Grammar and Lexica:

  • Herodian

  • Stephanus of Byzantium

  • Suda

NB It would be great to integrate the relevant passages in original language and translation into the database.

• F7-4 Where did people go to school? What did they learn?

Muslim/Arabic-Scholarship

• Author

• work (+edition and citation)

• language

• genre

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

NB It would be great to integrate the relevant passages in original language and translation into the database.

L 6-2

Poetic & Literary Compositions

• Author

• work (+edition and citation)

• language

• genre

• mentions PERSON

• mentions PLACE

• Antinoos Obelisk: http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/cahiers/1/Grenier_Antinoos.pdf

• Pancrates Poem ( Loeb edition with subscription only)

This is a group of texts sui generis: literary texts that relate to the figure of Antinoos and more generally to the circumstances of the city’s foundation.

NB It would be great to integrate the relevant passages in original language and translation into the database.

F6-1 (gods worshipped)

Reliability

Numeric Value?

Comments

Reliable

3

to be applied to all sources and information

Possible

2

Uncertain

1

Not reliable

0